The potential of astaxanthin as a natural compound for decelerating skin aging: an update review

Abstract

Astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant found in natural sources such as algae, shrimp and salmon, is emerging as a promising agent for slowing skin aging. This review thoroughly examines the molecular mechanisms by which astaxanthin exerts its anti-aging effects. It is interesting to note that astaxanthin activates critical cellular pathways such as Nrf2/ARE, NF-κB and TGF-β. By enhancing the Nrf2/ARE pathway, astaxanthin increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes that protect skin proteins such as collagen and elastin from oxidative damage. In addition, astaxanthin suppresses the NF-κB pathway, thereby reducing inflammation, and promotes collagen synthesis by activating the TGF-β pathway. These effects inhibit collagen-degrading enzymes such as MMP-1, thereby preventing wrinkle formation. Astaxanthin also modulates the MAPK pathway, which is involved in several cellular processes, including the response to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell proliferation. Numerous studies provide strong evidence for the benefits of astaxanthin in preventing and treating skin aging, inhibiting wrinkles, increasing skin elasticity, reducing IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MMP1, ROS activity, brightening skin, increasing collagen production, and maintaining overall skin health and beauty, as well as contributing to skin repair and regeneration. With its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and collagen-stimulating properties, astaxanthin has significant potential as an ingredient in anti-aging and photoprotective skin care products. Understanding these mechanisms provides valuable insight into the role of astaxanthin in preventing aging and improving skin health.

Keywords: Anti-inflammation, antioxidant, collagen stimulation, skincare